Etymology of Verb-Based Word-Forming Affixes

Abstract

This article examines the historical formation, semantic and functional features, as well as the etymology of the participial forms -ar, -er, -yr, -ir in Turkic languages. The usage of these affixes, their phonetic changes, and processes of semantic development in Turkic languages are analyzed in detail. Research findings indicate that these forms express not only tense meanings but also qualitative characteristics of objects. Additionally, the morphological features of participial forms in modern Turkic languages and their role in sentence structure are explored. Based on scholarly studies, the initial meanings of these forms in Old Turkic are compared with their modern meanings in Turkic languages. The study employs a historical-comparative method and provides an in-depth analysis of the grammatical function of participial affixes. Furthermore, the article examines the relationship between these affixes and dialectal variations in Turkic languages, providing an overview of their development patterns. The scope of participial forms in spoken language, folklore, and written literature is also discussed.